Silicon was given its present name in 1817 by Scottish chemist Thomas Thomson. Gay-Lussac and Thénard are thought to have prepared impure amorphous silicon in 1811, through the heating of recently isolated potassium metal with silicon tetrafluoride, but they did not purify and characterize the product, nor identify it as a new element. Russian кремний, from кремень 'flint' Greek πυρίτιο from πυρ 'fire' Finnish pii from piikivi 'flint', Czech křemík from křemen 'quartz', 'flint'). A few others use instead a calque of the Latin root (e.g. German Silizium, Turkish silisyum, Catalan silici, Armenian Սիլիցիում or Silitzioum). Most other languages use transliterated forms of Davy's name, sometimes adapted to local phonology (e.g. After an attempt to isolate silicon in 1808, Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name 'silicium' for silicon, from the Latin silex, silicis for flint, and adding the '-ium' ending because he believed it to be a metal. In 1787, Antoine Lavoisier suspected that silica might be an oxide of a fundamental chemical element, but the chemical affinity of silicon for oxygen is high enough that he had no means to reduce the oxide and isolate the element. Discovery Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovered the silicon element in 1823. Natural silicate compounds were also used in various types of mortar for construction of early human dwellings. Glass containing silica was manufactured by the Egyptians since at least 1500 BC, as well as by the ancient Phoenicians. Silicon rock crystals were familiar to various ancient civilizations, such as the predynastic Egyptians who used it for beads and small vases, as well as the ancient Chinese. Owing to the abundance of silicon in the Earth's crust, natural silicon-based materials have been used for thousands of years. Silica is deposited in many plant tissues. Only traces are required by most animals, but some sea sponges and microorganisms, such as diatoms and radiolaria, secrete skeletal structures made of silica. Silicon is an essential element in biology. In 2019, 32.4% of the semiconductor market segment was for networks and communications devices, and the semiconductors industry is projected to reach $726.73 billion by 2027. The small portion of very highly purified elemental silicon used in semiconductor electronics (<15%) is essential to the transistors and integrated circuit chips used in most modern technology such as smartphones and other computers. The late 20th century to early 21st century has been described as the Silicon Age (also known as the Digital Age or Information Age) because of the large impact that elemental silicon has on the modern world economy. Silicon is the basis of the widely used synthetic polymers called silicones. Silicon compounds such as silicon carbide are used as abrasives and components of high-strength ceramics.

They are also used in whiteware ceramics such as porcelain, and in traditional silicate-based soda–lime glass and many other specialty glasses. Silicates are used in Portland cement for mortar and stucco, and mixed with silica sand and gravel to make concrete for walkways, foundations, and roads. Such use includes industrial construction with clays, silica sand, and stone. Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, often with very little processing of the natural minerals. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen. It is widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates.

Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth's crust. Its melting and boiling points of 1414 ☌ and 3265 ☌, respectively, are the second highest among all the metalloids and nonmetals, being surpassed only by boron. Its oxides form a family of anions known as silicates. It is relatively unreactive.īecause of its high chemical affinity for oxygen, it was not until 1823 that Jöns Jakob Berzelius was first able to prepare it and characterize it in pure form. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it and germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium are below it. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. Silicon is a chemical element it has symbol Si and atomic number 14.

Density of water si